Glossary and sources

Bilingual glossary

Macronutrients / 宏量营养素

Protein, carbohydrate and fat needed in larger amounts.

Micronutrients / 微量营养素

Vitamins and minerals required in small amounts.

DRI / 膳食参考摄入量

A set of reference values for assessing and planning intake.

RDA / 推荐摄入量

A reference intake intended to meet nearly all healthy people’s needs, varying by age and sex.

AI / 适宜摄入量

A reference used when evidence is insufficient to set an RDA.

UL / 可耐受最高摄入量

An upper level generally unlikely to cause harm, not an intake target.

%DV / 每日营养参考值百分比

A label-comparison metric, not a personal deficiency measure.

Bioavailability / 生物利用度

The extent to which a substance is absorbed and available for use.

Food matrix / 食物基质

Food’s physical structure and organization of its components.

Microbiota / 微生物群

The microorganisms in a particular environment.

Microbiome / 微生物组

A concept involving microbes, their genes and ecology; usage varies by paper.

Metagenomics / 宏基因组学

Study of microbial genetic material within a sample.

Metabolomics / 代谢组学

Measurement of a set of small-molecule metabolites.

SCFA / 短链脂肪酸

Examples include acetate, propionate and butyrate.

CFU / 菌落形成单位

A unit of culturable living microbes, not total cell count.

RCT / 随机对照试验

A trial comparing randomly assigned intervention and control groups.

Placebo / 安慰剂

A control designed to resemble the intervention experience.

Blinding / 盲法

Keeping specified parties unaware of allocation to reduce bias.

Primary endpoint / 主要终点

The prespecified principal outcome of a study.

Surrogate endpoint / 代理终点

A substitute for a clinical outcome whose predictive value needs validation.

Effect size / 效应量

The magnitude of a difference relative to a comparator.

Confidence interval / 置信区间

An interval expressing uncertainty around a statistical estimate.

Confounding / 混杂

Other factors distort an observed association.

Intention-to-treat / 意向性分析

Analysis by initial assignment; handling of missing data still requires checking.

External validity / 外部有效性

Whether findings apply to other people and conditions.

Adverse event / 不良事件

An unfavorable event, not necessarily caused by the intervention.

Standardized extract / 标准化提取物

An extract specified by selected constituent levels or markers.

Elemental amount / 元素量

Mass of the mineral itself rather than the whole salt or raw material.

EAR / 平均需要量

A daily intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half of a specified healthy age, sex and life-stage group. Source ↗

Serving size / 每份量

The quantity used as the basis for per-serving nutrient labeling. Read it with servings per package and the amount actually consumed. Source ↗

Ferritin / 铁蛋白

An iron-storage protein. Serum ferritin helps assess iron status, but inflammation and other factors can affect interpretation. Source ↗

Hemoglobin / 血红蛋白

The iron-containing protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells. Its measurement helps assess anemia but does not describe every aspect of iron status. Source ↗

25(OH)D / 25-羟维生素 D

The blood marker commonly used to assess vitamin D status. Its use differs from that of the active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Source ↗

Intrinsic factor / 内因子

A binding protein secreted by stomach parietal cells that supports the main active pathway of B12 absorption in the terminal small intestine. Source ↗

MMA / 甲基丙二酸

A metabolic marker that can help assess B12 status. Interpretation requires context, including kidney function. Source ↗

Essential amino acids / 必需氨基酸

Amino acids that the body cannot make in adequate amounts and must obtain from the diet; nine are considered essential in adult nutrition. Source ↗

ALA / α-亚麻酸

An essential omega-3 fatty acid found in some seeds, nuts and plant oils. Conversion to EPA and DHA in the body is limited. Source ↗

EPA / 二十碳五烯酸

A long-chain omega-3 fatty acid. Total fish-oil mass is not the amount of EPA; read the specific label amount. Source ↗

DHA / 二十二碳六烯酸

A long-chain omega-3 fatty acid whose amount varies with the source and product. Source ↗

Viscosity / 黏性

Resistance to flow. For dietary fiber, viscosity, solubility and fermentability describe different properties. Source ↗

Fermentability / 发酵性

The capacity of a material to be fermented by microorganisms. Fibers can differ in the rate and extent of fermentation. Source ↗

cGMP / 现行良好生产规范

Requirements governing activities such as production, packaging, labeling and quality control; applicability depends on product category and jurisdiction. Source ↗

COA / 分析证明文件

A certificate of analysis typically records specifications, tests and results for a material or batch. Check identity, batch, methods and issuer. Source ↗

Stability / 稳定性

The ability to maintain relevant quality attributes under defined storage conditions over time. Shelf-life support must match the formula, package and conditions. Source ↗

Source directory

These are public sources; some records reflect only abstracts or bounded excerpts.

1. Healthy diet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
2. 《中国居民膳食指南（2022）》一图读懂_公告_中国营养学会官网2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
3. A roundup of the ISAPP consensus definitions: probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics and fermented foods - International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP)2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
4. Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe: Cell2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
5. Research – IM8 Health2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
6. IM8 Daily Ultimate Essentials: 90 Nutrients in One Delicious Drink – IM8 Health2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
7. Effects of daily multivitamin–multimineral and cocoa extract supplementation on epigenetic aging clocks in the COSMOS randomized clinical trial | Nature Medicine2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
8. The differential impact of three different NAD+ boosters on circulatory NAD and microbial metabolism in humans | Nature Metabolism2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
9. Human whole-blood NAD+ levels do not vary with age or lifestyle interventions | Nature Metabolism2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
10. Effect of dietary chickpea structures on the small intestine metabolome and microbiome: a randomised crossover trial | Nature Communications2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
11. Diet–microbiome associations in 10,068 individuals from the Human Phenotype Project to guide personalized nutrition | Nature Medicine2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
12. Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila MucT for weight loss maintenance in people with overweight and obesity: a controlled randomized trial | Nature Medicine2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
13. Microbiota-mediated induction of beige adipocytes in response to dietary cues | Nature2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
14. Diet–microbiome synergy underlies obesity-associated immunotherapy efficacy | Nature2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
15. The diversity and consistency of what and when people eat | Nature Metabolism2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
16. Five-country analysis of geographic and dietary drivers of gut microbiome composition and genomic variation | Nature Communications2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
17. Tailored effects of coarse grain substitution on blood pressure via gut microbiota-metabolite networks and host gene variants: a randomized controlled trial | npj Science of Food2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
18. Polarity-aware knowledge graph reveals diet–microbiome–health mechanisms with relevance to muscle, immune and metabolic aging | npj Science of Food2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
19. Anti-aging interventions need less hype and more clinical evidence | Nature Medicine2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
20. The human microbiome and chronic disease: ten strategic priorities for research and public health | Nature Medicine2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
21. Synergy between Enterobacteriaceae and diet mediates competition between dominant Bacteroidales in the human gut | Nature Microbiology2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
22. A gut microbial odd-chain fatty acid alleviates atherosclerosis in mice | Nature2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
23. Cold activates a BH2 metabolic network promoting longevity and proteostasis | Nature2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
24. Integrating dietary patterns and metabolomics with machine learning for metabolic syndrome risk assessment in a rural population | npj Science of Food2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
25. Metabolic and neural responses to ultraprocessed foods: a randomized, controlled, crossover study | Nature Metabolism2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
26. Cholesterol-lowering effects of oats induced by microbially produced phenolic metabolites in metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial | Nature Communications2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
27. Associations between diet quality, epigenetic aging and epigenome in two population-based cohorts | Nature Communications2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
28. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
29. The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
30. Frontiers | The effects of magnesium L-threonate (Magtein®) on cognitive performance and sleep quality in adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
31. Frontiers | A nutritional blend of taurine, vitamins B6, B9, and B12 improves motivated behaviors in healthy adults—a double-blinded randomized clinical trial2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
32. Frontiers | The effects of a saffron extract (Affron®) on mood, sleep, self-esteem, and exploratory measures of physical appearance in women aged 50 to 70 years experiencing low mood and poor sleep: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
33. Effect of the mitophagy inducer urolithin A on age-related immune decline: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial | Nature Aging2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
34. Coenzyme Q10 | NCCIH2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
35. Randomized clinical study: Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) versus placebo in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome - PMC2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
36. The Effect of Ergothioneine Supplementation on Cognitive Function, Memory, and Sleep in Older Adults with Subjective Memory Complaints: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
37. Vitamin D - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
38. Vitamin B12 - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
39. Magnesium - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
40. Omega-3 Fatty Acids - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
41. Probiotics - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
42. Dietary Supplements for Exercise and Athletic Performance - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
43. Multivitamin/mineral Supplements - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
44. Antioxidant Supplements: What You Need To Know | NCCIH2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
45. Information for Consumers on Using Dietary Supplements | FDA2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
46. Thiamin - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
47. Riboflavin - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
48. Niacin - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
49. Pantothenic Acid - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
50. Vitamin B6 - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
51. Biotin - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
52. Folate - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
53. Vitamin A and Carotenoids - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
54. Vitamin C - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
55. Vitamin E - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
56. Vitamin K - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
57. Calcium - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
58. Iron - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
59. Zinc - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
60. Selenium - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
61. Iodine - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
62. Copper - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
63. Manganese - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
64. Molybdenum - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
65. Phosphorus - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
66. Potassium - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
67. Choline - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
68. Chromium - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
69. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT066555972026-10-25 · Official API protocol fields inspected; hasResults=false. Estimated enrollment 60; record last updated 2024-10-23.
70. Ashwagandha: Usefulness and Safety | NCCIH2026-10-25 · Official/publisher bounded text read.
71. Rhodiola: Usefulness and Safety | NCCIH2026-10-25 · Official/publisher bounded text read.
72. Treatment for Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency - NIDDK2026-10-25 · Official/publisher bounded text read.
73. Frontiers | Correction: The effects of magnesium L-threonate (Magtein®) on cognitive performance and sleep quality in adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial2026-10-25 · Official/publisher bounded text read.
74. Your Digestive System & How it Works2026-10-27 · NIH/NIDDK official educational guidance
75. Information for Health Professionals2026-10-27 · NIH ODS official fact sheet portal
76. Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Dietary Supplements2026-10-27 · FDA official guidance, US dietary supplements
77. FDA 101: Dietary Supplements2026-10-27 · FDA consumer safety information
78. SupplySide Global 2026 exhibitor directory2026-10-27 · Event organizer directory; snapshot
79. Botanical Dietary Supplements: Background Information2026-10-27 · NIH ODS official consumer fact sheet
80. Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency: Diagnosis2026-10-27 · NIH NHLBI official health guidance
81. Minerals | MedlinePlus2026-10-27 · US National Library of Medicine educational reference
82. Chloride in diet2026-10-27 · US National Library of Medicine educational reference
83. Sodium reduction2026-10-27 · WHO population guidance; published 2026-05-11
84. 商务部等六部门：完善跨境电商零售进口监管有关工作的通知2026-10-27 · Official 2018 notice; current SKU-specific applicability and subsequent changes require review
85. 国家卫健委：GB 28050-2025 营养标签通则问答2026-10-27 · Official Q&A; effective 2027-03-16; applicability depends on product and channel
86. FDA · How to Understand and Use the Nutrition Facts Label ·
87. NIST · Guide to SI conversion factors ·
88. WHO · Physical activity ·
89. NIH ODS · Nutrient Recommendations and Databases ·
90. NHS · Vitamin D2026-10-27 ·
91. MedlinePlus · Vitamin D Test2026-10-27 ·
92. NHS · Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia2026-10-27 ·
93. NHS · Causes of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia2026-10-27 ·
94. NHS · Treatment of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia2026-10-27 ·
95. NIH ODS · Iron — Consumer Fact Sheet2026-10-27 ·
96. NIH ODS · Vitamin C — Consumer Fact Sheet2026-10-27 ·
97. MedlinePlus · Iron Tests2026-10-27 ·
98. NHS · Iron deficiency anaemia2026-10-27 ·
99. NHS · Calcium2026-10-27 ·
100. MedlinePlus · Amino acids2026-10-27 ·
101. MedlinePlus · Protein in diet2026-10-27 ·
102. FAO · Dietary protein quality evaluation in human nutrition2026-10-27 ·
103. NIH ODS · Omega-3 Fatty Acids — Consumer Fact Sheet2026-10-27 ·
104. FDA · Interactive Nutrition Facts Label — Dietary Fiber2026-10-27 ·
105. NIDDK · Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Constipation2026-10-27 ·
106. EFSA · Scientific advice on nutrient profiling — dietary fibre properties2026-10-27 ·
107. NIDDK · Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Gas in the Digestive Tract2026-10-27 ·
108. National Academies · Judging Evidence for Causal Relationships2026-10-27 ·
109. FDA · Questions and Answers on Dietary Supplements2026-10-27 ·
110. FDA · Dietary Supplement Labeling Guide, Nutrition Labeling2026-10-27 ·
111. NIH ODS · Frequently Asked Questions on Dietary Supplements2026-10-27 ·
112. Nutrition users’ guides: assessing randomized trials2026-10-27 ·
113. Nutrition users’ guides: assessing systematic reviews2026-10-27 ·
114. FDA · Surrogate Endpoint Resources for Drug and Biologic Development2026-10-27 ·
115. WHO · Healthy Ageing and Functional Ability2026-10-27 ·
116. US National Institute on Aging · Bridging Biological and Social Hallmarks of Aging Workshop2026-10-27 ·
117. SupplySide Global · Interactive Floor Plan2026-10-27 ·
118. China Customs · Cross-border E-commerce Retail Import Guide2026-10-27 ·
119. MedlinePlus · Vitamins ·
120. FDA · Questions and Answers on Dietary Fiber ·
121. NHS · Water, drinks and hydration ·
122. NIH ODS · Vitamin B6 ·
123. FDA · New Dietary Ingredient Notifications and Timeframes2026-10-27 ·
124. 商务部 · 跨境电商零售进口商品清单调整表（2022）2026-10-27 ·
125. IM8 · Third Party Tested (brand page, accessed 2026-10-27) ·

Reference entries

Explore the visual map and resources above.