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术语与来源

将研究术语、证据类型、原始来源与访问日期放在一起。资料可用于团队学习和定义研发问题，不是系统综述、诊断或个人治疗建议。

知识关系图 · 术语与来源
基础资料权威机构、指南与综述
论文查看设计、人群与结果
品牌用于核对品牌自身信息
判断明确标注项目推论

概念之间的关系，详见下方条目及来源。

中英术语

宏量营养素 / Macronutrients
需要量较大的蛋白质、碳水与脂肪。
微量营养素 / Micronutrients
需要量较小的维生素与矿物质；少量不等于不重要。
膳食参考摄入量 / DRI
用于评估和规划摄入的一组参考值。
推荐摄入量 / RDA
满足几乎所有健康人需要的参考摄入水平，依年龄和性别而变。
适宜摄入量 / AI
不足以制定RDA时使用的参考水平。
可耐受最高摄入量 / UL
通常不太可能造成不良影响的上限；不是建议目标。
每日营养参考值百分比 / %DV
用于标签比较，不是个人缺乏程度。
生物利用度 / Bioavailability
被吸收并可被机体利用的程度。
食物基质 / Food matrix
食物的物理结构及成分间组织关系。
微生物群 / Microbiota
特定环境中的微生物集合。
微生物组 / Microbiome
与微生物及其基因和生态环境相关的研究概念；论文用法需核对。
宏基因组学 / Metagenomics
研究样本中微生物遗传信息。
代谢组学 / Metabolomics
测量一组小分子代谢物。
短链脂肪酸 / SCFA
如乙酸、丙酸和丁酸。
菌落形成单位 / CFU
可培养活微生物的计数单位，不等同总细胞数。
随机对照试验 / RCT
随机分组比较干预与对照。
安慰剂 / Placebo
尽量模拟干预外观和体验的对照。
盲法 / Blinding
使指定参与方不知道分组以减少偏倚。
主要终点 / Primary endpoint
事先确定的主要研究结果指标。
代理终点 / Surrogate endpoint
代替实际临床结局测量的指标；其预测效力需要验证。
效应量 / Effect size
干预与比较对象的差异大小。
置信区间 / Confidence interval
统计估计不确定性的区间表达。
混杂 / Confounding
其他因素影响了观察到的关联。
意向性分析 / Intention-to-treat
按最初随机分组分析，具体缺失值处理仍需核对。
外部有效性 / External validity
研究结论能否转移到其他人群和使用条件。
不良事件 / Adverse event
研究中出现的不利事件，不等于已确认由干预引起。
标准化提取物 / Standardized extract
对指定成分或指标设定规格的提取物。
元素量 / Elemental amount
矿物质元素本身的质量，不是盐或原料总重。
平均需要量 / EAR
估计满足特定年龄、性别和生命阶段的健康人群中一半人需要的每日摄入水平。 来源 ↗
每份量 / Serving size
标签计算每份营养含量所采用的食品数量。需要同时看一包有几份，以及实际食用了多少。 来源 ↗
铁蛋白 / Ferritin
与铁储存有关的蛋白质。血清铁蛋白用于评估铁状态，但炎症等因素会影响解释。 来源 ↗
血红蛋白 / Hemoglobin
红细胞中负责运输氧的含铁蛋白。其检查结果可帮助评估贫血，但不能单独说明所有铁状态问题。 来源 ↗
25-羟维生素 D / 25(OH)D
血液中常用于评估维生素 D 状态的指标。它与活性形式 1,25-二羟维生素 D 有不同用途。 来源 ↗
内因子 / Intrinsic factor
胃壁细胞分泌的结合蛋白，参与维生素 B12 在小肠末段的主要主动吸收路径。 来源 ↗
甲基丙二酸 / MMA
可辅助评价维生素 B12 状态的代谢指标。其结果需要结合肾功能等信息由专业人员解释。 来源 ↗
必需氨基酸 / Essential amino acids
身体不能合成足量、需要通过饮食获得的氨基酸；成人营养中通常列为九种。 来源 ↗
α-亚麻酸 / ALA
一种必需的 Omega-3 脂肪酸，见于部分种子、坚果和植物油。人体向 EPA 和 DHA 的转化有限。 来源 ↗
二十碳五烯酸 / EPA
一种长链 Omega-3 脂肪酸。鱼油总重并不等于 EPA 含量，应查看具体标示。 来源 ↗
二十二碳六烯酸 / DHA
一种长链 Omega-3 脂肪酸。来源与产品不同，其实际含量也会不同。 来源 ↗
黏性 / Viscosity
材料抵抗流动的性质。对膳食纤维而言，黏性、溶解性和发酵性是不同特征。 来源 ↗
发酵性 / Fermentability
材料被微生物利用并发生发酵的特征。不同纤维的发酵速度与程度可以不同。 来源 ↗
现行良好生产规范 / cGMP
管理生产、包装、标签和质量控制等活动的规范体系；适用要求取决于产品类别和司法辖区。 来源 ↗
分析证明文件 / COA
通常记录某种材料或批次的规格、检测项目与结果。需要核对材料身份、批号、方法和出具方。 来源 ↗
稳定性 / Stability
产品在规定储存条件和时间内维持相关质量属性的能力。保质期需要与具体配方、包材和条件相匹配的依据。 来源 ↗

来源目录

以下为公开来源；部分记录仅核读摘要或有限正文。

  1. Healthy diet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  2. 《中国居民膳食指南（2022）》一图读懂_公告_中国营养学会官网2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  3. A roundup of the ISAPP consensus definitions: probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics and fermented foods - International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP)2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  4. Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe: Cell2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  5. Research – IM8 Health2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  6. IM8 Daily Ultimate Essentials: 90 Nutrients in One Delicious Drink – IM8 Health2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  7. Effects of daily multivitamin–multimineral and cocoa extract supplementation on epigenetic aging clocks in the COSMOS randomized clinical trial | Nature Medicine2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  8. The differential impact of three different NAD+ boosters on circulatory NAD and microbial metabolism in humans | Nature Metabolism2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  9. Human whole-blood NAD+ levels do not vary with age or lifestyle interventions | Nature Metabolism2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  10. Effect of dietary chickpea structures on the small intestine metabolome and microbiome: a randomised crossover trial | Nature Communications2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  11. Diet–microbiome associations in 10,068 individuals from the Human Phenotype Project to guide personalized nutrition | Nature Medicine2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  12. Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila MucT for weight loss maintenance in people with overweight and obesity: a controlled randomized trial | Nature Medicine2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  13. Microbiota-mediated induction of beige adipocytes in response to dietary cues | Nature2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  14. Diet–microbiome synergy underlies obesity-associated immunotherapy efficacy | Nature2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  15. The diversity and consistency of what and when people eat | Nature Metabolism2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  16. Five-country analysis of geographic and dietary drivers of gut microbiome composition and genomic variation | Nature Communications2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  17. Tailored effects of coarse grain substitution on blood pressure via gut microbiota-metabolite networks and host gene variants: a randomized controlled trial | npj Science of Food2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  18. Polarity-aware knowledge graph reveals diet–microbiome–health mechanisms with relevance to muscle, immune and metabolic aging | npj Science of Food2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  19. Anti-aging interventions need less hype and more clinical evidence | Nature Medicine2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  20. The human microbiome and chronic disease: ten strategic priorities for research and public health | Nature Medicine2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  21. Synergy between Enterobacteriaceae and diet mediates competition between dominant Bacteroidales in the human gut | Nature Microbiology2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  22. A gut microbial odd-chain fatty acid alleviates atherosclerosis in mice | Nature2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  23. Cold activates a BH2 metabolic network promoting longevity and proteostasis | Nature2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  24. Integrating dietary patterns and metabolomics with machine learning for metabolic syndrome risk assessment in a rural population | npj Science of Food2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  25. Metabolic and neural responses to ultraprocessed foods: a randomized, controlled, crossover study | Nature Metabolism2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  26. Cholesterol-lowering effects of oats induced by microbially produced phenolic metabolites in metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial | Nature Communications2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  27. Associations between diet quality, epigenetic aging and epigenome in two population-based cohorts | Nature Communications2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  28. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  29. The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  30. Frontiers | The effects of magnesium L-threonate (Magtein®) on cognitive performance and sleep quality in adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  31. Frontiers | A nutritional blend of taurine, vitamins B6, B9, and B12 improves motivated behaviors in healthy adults—a double-blinded randomized clinical trial2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  32. Frontiers | The effects of a saffron extract (Affron®) on mood, sleep, self-esteem, and exploratory measures of physical appearance in women aged 50 to 70 years experiencing low mood and poor sleep: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  33. Effect of the mitophagy inducer urolithin A on age-related immune decline: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial | Nature Aging2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  34. Coenzyme Q10 | NCCIH2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  35. Randomized clinical study: Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) versus placebo in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome - PMC2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  36. The Effect of Ergothioneine Supplementation on Cognitive Function, Memory, and Sleep in Older Adults with Subjective Memory Complaints: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  37. Vitamin D - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  38. Vitamin B12 - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  39. Magnesium - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  40. Omega-3 Fatty Acids - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  41. Probiotics - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  42. Dietary Supplements for Exercise and Athletic Performance - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  43. Multivitamin/mineral Supplements - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  44. Antioxidant Supplements: What You Need To Know | NCCIH2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  45. Information for Consumers on Using Dietary Supplements | FDA2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  46. Thiamin - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  47. Riboflavin - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  48. Niacin - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  49. Pantothenic Acid - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  50. Vitamin B6 - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  51. Biotin - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  52. Folate - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  53. Vitamin A and Carotenoids - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  54. Vitamin C - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  55. Vitamin E - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  56. Vitamin K - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  57. Calcium - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  58. Iron - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  59. Zinc - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  60. Selenium - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  61. Iodine - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  62. Copper - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  63. Manganese - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  64. Molybdenum - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  65. Phosphorus - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  66. Potassium - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  67. Choline - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  68. Chromium - Health Professional Fact Sheet2026-10-25 · Publisher/official extracted text (bounded excerpt); complete full-text and supplementary review not claimed.
  69. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT066555972026-10-25 · Official API protocol fields inspected; hasResults=false. Estimated enrollment 60; record last updated 2024-10-23.
  70. Ashwagandha: Usefulness and Safety | NCCIH2026-10-25 · Official/publisher bounded text read.
  71. Rhodiola: Usefulness and Safety | NCCIH2026-10-25 · Official/publisher bounded text read.
  72. Treatment for Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency - NIDDK2026-10-25 · Official/publisher bounded text read.
  73. Frontiers | Correction: The effects of magnesium L-threonate (Magtein®) on cognitive performance and sleep quality in adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial2026-10-25 · Official/publisher bounded text read.
  74. Your Digestive System & How it Works2026-10-27 · NIH/NIDDK official educational guidance
  75. Information for Health Professionals2026-10-27 · NIH ODS official fact sheet portal
  76. Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Dietary Supplements2026-10-27 · FDA official guidance, US dietary supplements
  77. FDA 101: Dietary Supplements2026-10-27 · FDA consumer safety information
  78. SupplySide Global 2026 exhibitor directory2026-10-27 · Event organizer directory; snapshot
  79. Botanical Dietary Supplements: Background Information2026-10-27 · NIH ODS official consumer fact sheet
  80. Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency: Diagnosis2026-10-27 · NIH NHLBI official health guidance
  81. Minerals | MedlinePlus2026-10-27 · US National Library of Medicine educational reference
  82. Chloride in diet2026-10-27 · US National Library of Medicine educational reference
  83. Sodium reduction2026-10-27 · WHO population guidance; published 2026-05-11
  84. 商务部等六部门：完善跨境电商零售进口监管有关工作的通知2026-10-27 · Official 2018 notice; current SKU-specific applicability and subsequent changes require review
  85. 国家卫健委：GB 28050-2025 营养标签通则问答2026-10-27 · Official Q&A; effective 2027-03-16; applicability depends on product and channel
  86. FDA · How to Understand and Use the Nutrition Facts Label ·
  87. NIST · Guide to SI conversion factors ·
  88. WHO · Physical activity ·
  89. NIH ODS · Nutrient Recommendations and Databases ·
  90. NHS · Vitamin D2026-10-27 ·
  91. MedlinePlus · Vitamin D Test2026-10-27 ·
  92. NHS · Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia2026-10-27 ·
  93. NHS · Causes of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia2026-10-27 ·
  94. NHS · Treatment of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia2026-10-27 ·
  95. NIH ODS · Iron — Consumer Fact Sheet2026-10-27 ·
  96. NIH ODS · Vitamin C — Consumer Fact Sheet2026-10-27 ·
  97. MedlinePlus · Iron Tests2026-10-27 ·
  98. NHS · Iron deficiency anaemia2026-10-27 ·
  99. NHS · Calcium2026-10-27 ·
  100. MedlinePlus · Amino acids2026-10-27 ·
  101. MedlinePlus · Protein in diet2026-10-27 ·
  102. FAO · Dietary protein quality evaluation in human nutrition2026-10-27 ·
  103. NIH ODS · Omega-3 Fatty Acids — Consumer Fact Sheet2026-10-27 ·
  104. FDA · Interactive Nutrition Facts Label — Dietary Fiber2026-10-27 ·
  105. NIDDK · Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Constipation2026-10-27 ·
  106. EFSA · Scientific advice on nutrient profiling — dietary fibre properties2026-10-27 ·
  107. NIDDK · Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Gas in the Digestive Tract2026-10-27 ·
  108. National Academies · Judging Evidence for Causal Relationships2026-10-27 ·
  109. FDA · Questions and Answers on Dietary Supplements2026-10-27 ·
  110. FDA · Dietary Supplement Labeling Guide, Nutrition Labeling2026-10-27 ·
  111. NIH ODS · Frequently Asked Questions on Dietary Supplements2026-10-27 ·
  112. Nutrition users’ guides: assessing randomized trials2026-10-27 ·
  113. Nutrition users’ guides: assessing systematic reviews2026-10-27 ·
  114. FDA · Surrogate Endpoint Resources for Drug and Biologic Development2026-10-27 ·
  115. WHO · Healthy Ageing and Functional Ability2026-10-27 ·
  116. US National Institute on Aging · Bridging Biological and Social Hallmarks of Aging Workshop2026-10-27 ·
  117. SupplySide Global · Interactive Floor Plan2026-10-27 ·
  118. China Customs · Cross-border E-commerce Retail Import Guide2026-10-27 ·
  119. MedlinePlus · Vitamins ·
  120. FDA · Questions and Answers on Dietary Fiber ·
  121. NHS · Water, drinks and hydration ·
  122. NIH ODS · Vitamin B6 ·
  123. FDA · New Dietary Ingredient Notifications and Timeframes2026-10-27 ·
  124. 商务部 · 跨境电商零售进口商品清单调整表（2022）2026-10-27 ·
  125. IM8 · Third Party Tested (brand page, accessed 2026-10-27) ·

知识条目

浏览上方专题图解和资料入口。